AKADEM<İ>KTİSAT

 

 

CITTASLOW PHILOSOPHY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURISM IN TATVAN

 

 

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

 

1. CITTASLOW PHILOSOPHY IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

1.1. Cittaslow in the World and Turkey

1.2. Requirements for a Cittaslow

 

2. TATVAN AS A POTENTIAL CITTASLOW CANDIDATE

 

3. A COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR CURRENT AND POTENTIAL CITTASLOWS IN TURKEY

3.1. Methodology of the Research

3.2. Results of the Research

 

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Cittaslow was conceived as a movement to prevent or slow the negative effects of the processes of modernisation such as loss of historic heritage, swift consumption of natural resources and a decrease in renewal capacity, oblivion and/or neglect of socio-cultural values and, in this context, traditions. Therefore, Cittaslow, consisting of an Italian word ‘citta’ and an English word ‘slow’, meaning ‘slow city’, can be assessed as a philosophy.

 

This philosophy, aiming at constituting places which are at peace with their history, nature, and socio-cultural values, is directly related to sustainable tourism development (STD) because of such features. In fact, all cities which adopt and practise this philosophy are simultaneously implementing STD.

 

In this paper, potential Cittaslow candidateship of Tatvan is studied. The paper consists of three sections: in the first, some information concerning Cittaslow practices in the world and Turkey is offered. In the second section, Cittaslow candidateship of Tatvan is proposed and its potential capacity with regard to the realisation of STD is assessed through the extensive data collection. In the last section, a comparative descriptive analysis is made to assess the appropriateness of Tatvan to be Cittaslow.

 

 

1. CITTASLOW PHILOSOPHY IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

1.1. Cittaslow in the World and Turkey

‘Cittaslow’ is also the name of a movement. As an initiative launched in 1999 by Paolo Saturnini, mayor of Greve in Chianti in Toscana region in Italy, it introduces some standards and action plans to constitute tranquil and peaceful cities and leads the cities to put them into effect. Cittaslow, in this context, as a movement aiming at the development of a city in a different style by improving life quality has been supported by some other mayors in Italy and started its activities through contribution of Slow Food Organization.

 

As a global, non-profit member-supported association founded in 1989 with supporters in 160 countries around the world as of midst of 2014 which are linking the pleasure of good food with a commitment to their community and the environment, Slow Food counters the rise of fast food and fast life, the disappearance of local food traditions and people’s dwindling interest in the food they eat, where it comes from, how it tastes and how their food choices affect the rest of the world. Slow Food stands at the crossroads of ecology and gastronomy, ethics and pleasure. It opposes the standardization of taste and culture, and the unrestrained power of the food industry multinationals and industrial agriculture. Slow Food states its mission as “promoting good, clean, and fair food for all”. Slow Food has over 100,000 members joined in 1,500 convivia (local chapters who promote the philosophy of the organization) as well as a network of 2,000 food communities (who practice small-scale and sustainable production of quality foods). As of half of 2014, in Turkey, there are 20 conviva who are promoting the philosophy of Slow Food (Slow Food Organization, 2014).

 

One of the main aims of Cittaslow is to disperse the philosophy of Slow Food to local communities and also to their administrations and thus to provide the implementation of the concept ‘Ecogastronomy’ in daily life. Ecogastronomy, in brief, refers to a nourishment style which is in peace with the environment. The Latin term ‘eco’ refers to how organisms relate to their environment and, according to food philosopher Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin who says “The destiny of nations depends on how they nourish themselves”, ‘gastronomy’ is the intelligent knowledge of whatever concerns man’s nourishment. Sue Muncaster, a convivium leader of Slow Food in the Tetons-Idaho-USA, is the establisher of Ecogastronomy Initiative. The guiding principle of the initiative is that there is a direct connection between how food is produced and consumed and the physical, environmental, and socio-political dilemmas facing the modern world. In response to industrialization’s destruction of people’s health, the environment, and communities, the Ecogastronomy Initiative was formed to motivate people to live by the principles that will guide them toward a delicious, diverse, healthy, humane, and sustainable future (Ecogastronomy Initiative, 2014).

 

Consequently, the cities who take part in Cittaslow movement endeavours to effectuate the following main principles:

  1. They are mindful of public health and in this context they care for the procurement of healthy products and food.
  2. They encourage the maintenance of traditional local handicrafts,
  3. They improve their city by constructing needed squares, theatres, shopping centres, coffee houses, and restaurants without harming its underlying structure and atmosphere,
  4. They are respectful of traditions which provide a tranquil life style.

 

As of early June 2014, number of Cittaslow members is 187 cities, 75 of which is in Italy, in 28 countries. Their names in alphabetical order are; Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Turkey, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, and the USA.

 

Cittaslow Movement having a Scientific Committee including scientists from different countries assesses a city which applies for being a Cittaslow in accordance with the determined criteria and accepts it as a member if meets the requirements. Cittaslow does not interest only in the concepts ‘Slow City’ and ‘ecogastronomy’ but also studies on related projects such as climate change, environmental sustainability, sustainable eco-systems, economic performance and social development, and sustainable energy (Cittaslow Association, 2014-a).

 

The first Cittaslow member in Turkey was Seferihisar of İzmir in western Anatolia. The cities in Turkey that have received Cittaslow membership as of June 2014 are as follows:

1)     Perşembe (Ordu; Central Black Sea Region)

2)     Taraklı (Sakarya; Marmara Region)

3)     Vize (Kırklareli; Marmara Region)

4)     Gökçeada (Çanakkale; Marmara Region)

5)     Seferihisar (İzmir, Aegegan Region)

6)     Yenipazar (Aydın; Agean Region)

7)     Akyaka (Muğla; Aegean Region)

8)     Yalvaç (Isparta; Western Mediterranean Region)

9)     Halfeti (Urfa, South-East Anatolia Region).

These cities are marked on the map of Turkey, Figure 1.

 

Figure 1: Cittaslows in Turkey (June 2014)

map1-b

 

New candidates are going through the necessary procedures for membership. However, as will be seen, current Cittaslow members are mostly in the western regions of Turkey and no member or candidate city, with the exceptions of Perşembe of Ordu in the Central Black Sea Region and Halfeti of Urfa in the South-East Anatolia Region, is situated in the central or eastern regions of the country.

 

1.2. Requirements for a Cittaslow

There are a lot of requirements to become a Cittaslow and such requirements are updated in time. Here, the requirements stated in the Association’s charter shall be taken into account. These are 59 ones and are classified under 6 major subjects namely environment, safeguarding autochthonous production, infrastructure, technologies and facilities for urban quality, hospitality and awareness plus support to slow food activities/projects (Cittaslow Association, 2014-b). Here some of them will be quoted as of each major subject. Following each section, the relation of the stated requirements with STD shall be be revealed.

 

Table 1-I: Major Requirements for Cittaslow Membership in terms of STD

Major Subject

Requirement

I-Environmental

Policies

1.     Verification of the quality of air, water, and soil under the parameters established by law,

2.     Existing purification facilities for urban or collective sewage,

3.     Preparation of projects that stimulate the collection of urban and private wastes by decomposing them,

4.     Encouraging the recycling/safe disposal of industrial waste and the composting of household waste,

5.     Preparation of a municipal plan for saving energy, with particular reference to the use of alternative sources of energy (renewable resources, green hydrogen, mini-hydroelectric power plant),

6.     Banning the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) in agriculture,

7.     Establishing systems for controlling and reducing electromagnetic, noise, and light pollution,

8.     Adoption of environmental management systems (EMAS and ECOLABEL or ISO 9001; ISO 14000, SA 8000 etc.).

 

These requirements are directly related to STD. In this context, air, water, soil, sewage, waste, energy, agricultural production, and pollution (electromagnetic, noise, light, and environmental) are taken into consideration.

 

Table 1-II: Major Requirements for Cittaslow Membership in terms of STD

Major Subject

Requirement

II-Safeguarding Autochthonous

Production

1.     Promoting organic and/or locally planted products,

2.     Determining local products and supporting them for their commercial value e.g. alloting them spaces in the bazaars,

3.     Preserving and encouraging cultural traditions,

4.     Preparing relevant planning and certification programmes for saving tradesmen, craftsmen, and working methods/products which are in danger of dying out.

 

Organic farming, local products, tradesmen and craftsmen products, traditional professions and working methods and cultural traditions are among the main requirements for STD.

 

Table 1-III: Major Requirements for Cittaslow Membership in terms of STD

Major Subject

Requirement

III-Infrastructural

Policies

1.     Preparation of plans for developing and improving historic centres and/or works of cultural and historic value,

2.     Making plans for safe transportation and traffic,

3.     Promotion of programmes to facilitate family life and local activities,

4.     Applying programmes for redevelopment and improvement of urban life,

5.     Preparation of plans for the distribution of merchandise and the construction of commercial centres for natural products.

 

Almost all of these requirements are also related to STD. The matters which have direct relation are historical/cultural centers, transportation, facilitating programmes, reutilization of urban areas, and promotion of natural products.

 

 

Table 1-VI: Major Requirements for Cittaslow Membership in terms of STD

Major Subject

Requirement

IV-Technologies

and Facilities

for Urban

Quality

1.     Providing wastebins consistent with environmental requirements and removal of rubbish in accordance with an announced timetable,

2.     Arranging programmes and promotional activities for planting environmentally suitable plants, preferably local ones,

3.     Making plans to brighten up the urban landscape e.g. flowers in house, window boxes, and gardens; hanging baskets and green spaces in public places; and clean, fresh paintwork on buildings.

 

The requirements concerning wastebin, planting, and urban landscape show direct relation to STD.

 

Table 1-V: Major Requirements for Cittaslow Membership in terms of STD

Major Subject

Requirement

V-Hospitality

1.     Carrying out training courses on the provision of tourist information and quality hospitality,

2.     Using international signs on signboards at historic places,

3.     Arranging the ‘slow’ routes of the city.

 

For STD, hospitality is a vitally important factor. First of all, it is required to attract tourists for relevant activities. When these services are executed with a kind hospitality, it will be possible to sustain its development. Therefore; quality hospitality, multi-lingual signboards, and suitable reception policies are among important requirements.

 

Table 1-VI: Major Requirements for Cittaslow Membership in terms of STD

Major Subject

Requirement

VI-Awareness

1.     Informing people about the aims and procedures of Cittaslow and how to become such a city,

2.     Preparation of programmes to attract social interest in acquiring the ‘slow’ philosophy, and the application of Cittaslow projects such as educational gardens, parks, and libraries,

3.     Preparation of training programmes in schools on taste and nutrition in collaboration with the Slow Food Initiative.

 

Sustainability of tourism development necessitates also awareness of people living in a city. For this purpose, various activities could be organized and, therefore, the stakeholders could be involved in the related actions.

 

 

2. TATVAN AS A POTENTIAL CITTASLOW CANDIDATE

To be named a Cittaslow, the criteria whose detailed information in terms of its sub-elements have been given under the previous title are required for a city. In this context, to summarize, the following main policies should be implemented in a candidate city:

a) Some environmental policies should be implemented,

b) Local production should be preserved,

c) Some infrastructural policies should be implemented,

d) Certain level of technologies and facilities for urban quality should be obtained,

e) Hospitality should be kept in the center of public/private administrative/commercial services.

 

It is obvious that for a city to be named a Cittaslow, drastic changes should be realized. Moreover, sustainability of the changes is also very important. In this context, implementation and sustainability of a Cittaslow project is not only the responsibility of the administrators of that location but also of the whole persons and institutions living there.

 

In this paper, considering the requirements of Cittaslow philosophy, alternatively the following main criteria have been taken into account when selecting the candidate cities:

  1. Historical Background: A candidate city is supposed to be a historical one,
  2. Natural Structure: A candidate city is supposed to have natural sources and beauties,
  3. Socio-Cultural Features: A candidate city is supposed to have various traditional values and heritages,
  4. Tourism Structure: A candidate city is supposed to have a touristic potential.

Essentially, these criteria are not very much different from those determined by the Cittaslow Initiative, being regarded as a compressed version of them.

 

Here, Tatvan is offered as a potential Cittaslow candidate. For this purpose, candidateship of Tatvan is offered under these four main criteria, namely: historic structures, natural resources, socio-cultural values, and touristic capacities. In this context, and with particular importance being given to these four major criteria, extensive data on Tatvan is presented in a table and its Cittaslow capacity revealed. For making comparison, initially the same table is prepared for the first Cittaslow of Turkey, Seferihisar.

 

Seferihisar, a town of İzmir, was the first Cittaslow in Turkey and is, therefore, called ‘The Cittaslow Capital of Turkey’. This historic and touristic city is very lively, full of various socio-cultural activities and accommodates 33,588 people as of 2013 (ADNKS, 2014).

 

Table 2: Seferihisar as the First Cittaslow in Turkey

Criteria

Explanation

I-History

·       It has a 4,000 year-old history.

·       Ruling civilizations: Cretans, Ionians, Etruscans, Lydians, Iranians, Athenians, Spartans, Pergamons, Macedonians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, Aydınoğuls, Ottomans, and Mongols.

II-Natural

Structure

·       It has a typical Mediterranean climate.

·       It has a rich flora including a typical Mediterranean plant, namely Maki, and forest trees such as rosebay, red pine, and oak, as well as cultivated plants such as olive and citrus,

·       There is a specific local flower namely Kum Zambağı (Sand Lily).

·       It has an indented coastline at the Aegean Sea for 60 km. However, the city centre is five km. far from the sea.

·       Fishing is one of the important economic activities.

·       300 of 365 days are sunny and the city is rich in thermal energy sources and has strong wind corridors.

III-Socio-

Cultural

Features

·       Major traditional handicrafts: tile (ceramic) arts, wood painting, string bag weaving, and production of various hand-made giftwares.

·       Local traditional foods/drinks: Damla Sakızlı Tatlı, Lok Lok, Çalkalama ve Balıklama, Ekmek Dolması, Oğlak Dolması, Kuzu Dolması, Seferihisar Nohutlu Mantısı, Enginar Dolması, Labada Dolması, Yuvalaça Köfte, Peygamber Balıklı Pilav, Çekme Makarna, Ispanak Balıklama, Armola Peyniri, Mandalina Tatlısı, Samsades Tatlısı, Cevizli Oklavadan Sıyırma Tatlısı, Tarhana (Kızılhisarlı Çorbası), Adabeyi Balık Çorbası, and Tatlı Tarhana.

·       There are some specific local branded varieties of food. Among them are Satsuma Balı (tangerine honey) and Seferihisar Enginarı (artichokes).

IV-Tourism

Capacity

·       Major historic buildings: Sığacık Castle, Güdük Minare Mosque, Hıdırlık Mosque, Turabiye Mosque, Ulu Mosque, Sığacık Bath, Kasım Çelebi Madrasah, Şehitler Fountain, Beyler Aquaduct, Cumalı Hot Spring, Güneşlikent Tumulus, Teos Ancient City, Lebedos Ancient City, Karaköse Ruins, and Myonnesos Island.

·       It has a 400 capacity yacht port.

·       Potential touristic activities: yachting, cycling, and trekking.

·       Seferihisar is very reliant on touristic activities which contribute importantly to the economy of the city.

·       75 accomodation facilities with 6,167 bedspaces are available.

Sources:

·       Municipality of Seferihisar, “Seferihisar”, http://www.seferihisar.bel.tr, 06.01.2013.

·       District Governorship of Seferihisar, “Seferihisar”, http://www.seferihisar.gov.tr, 06.01.2013.

·       Şahinkaya, Serdar, “Bir Yerel Kalkınma Modeli: Cittaslow ve Seferihisar Üzerine Değerlendirmeler”, http://www.seferihisar.bel.tr, 06.01.2013.

 

Tatvan, a town of Bitlis, lies on the banks of Lake Van. Historically it was a multi-cultural city and currently has a population of 84,163 as of 2013 (ADNKS, 2014).

 

Table 3: Tatvan as a Cittaslow Candidate

Criteria

Explanation

I-History

·       It has 5,000 year old history.

·       Ruling civilizations: Subars, Huris, Hittites, Urartus, Assyrians, Iranians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, Harzemşahs, İlhanlıs, Akkoyunlus, and Ottomans.

II-Natural

Structure

·       A very large part of the land is mountainous and mountain pasture.

·       It has a continential climate.

·       At Mount Nemrut, the highest point of the town, there are two lakes one of which has hot water and the other, cold water. There are also a number of hot air flushing crater chimneys.

·       Tatvan has a 100 km. shore on Lake Van which extends over 3,713 km2 and has an eco-system different from both fresh and sea water with salinity of 0.19 percent and pH of 9.8. In the soda water lake around 103 types of phyloplankton, 36 kinds of zooplankton and one unique variety of fish [İnci Kefalı (Chalcalburnus Tarichi)] live.

·       It has the Harmanlı Waterfall whose water comes from spring rain and snow. There, where the waterfall reaches the lake, big shoals of fish can be seen.

·       The Sapur Spring Water is surrounded by an immense flora. The water is extremely cold and the spring area is used as a promenade.

III-Socio-

Cultural

Features

·       Different ethnic groups live in the town.

·       Families are generally extended.

·       Although they are no longer strong, there are still some tribes in the area.

·       Local traditional foods/drinks: Şekalok, Çorti Köftesi, Büryan Kebabı, Katıklı Dolma, Glorik, Gebol, Çireş Pancarı, Kengerli Pilav, Keledoş, Helise, Ciğer Tablaması, Halim Aşı, Keşkek, Tutmanç Aşı, Gari Aşı, Ayran Aşı, Çorti Aşı, and Turşu Aşı.

IV-Tourism

Capacity

·       Inventory of historic buildings: 11 castles, five mosques, four caravanserais, two cupolas, two fountains, two bridges, three houses, four caves, and 54 churches.

·       Major historic buildings: Tatvan Castle, Kalekıran Castle, El-Aman (Rahva) Caravanserai, Abdulcelil Behtani Tomb, Hüseyin Dede (Bapir-i Kal) Tomb, Kotum Baba (Abdullah bin Derare) Tomb, Urartu Rock Vault, Küçüksu (Kotum) Graveyard, Dalda Köyü Graveyard, Tokaçlı Köyü (Paşaelmalı) Graveyard, Göllü Ovası S.George Monastery, and Tuğ Church.

·       It has skiing facilities.

·       Potential touristic activities: trekking, mountaineering, cave tourism, skiing, and botanical tours.

·       There are 13 accommodation facilities with 834 bedspaces.

Sources:

·       Municipality of Tatvan, “Tatvan”, http://www.tatvan.bel.tr, 08.01.2013.

·       District Governorship of Tatvan, “Tatvan”, http://www.tatvan.gov.tr, 08.01.2013.

 

These information show that Tatvan has the potential of Cittaslow candidateship. For the appropriateness of Tatvan to be Cittaslow, a comparative descriptive analysis is also made in the following title.

 

 

3. A COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS FOR CURRENT AND POTENTIAL CITTASLOWS IN TURKEY

3.1. Methodology of the Research

In this study, a comparative descriptive analysis is made. Thus, in consideration of the requirements to become a Cittaslow, an indices table has been prepared by which Seferihisar and Tatvan are assessed.

 

The purpose of the indexing is:

  • to check the situation of Seferihisar in order to make comparisons;
  • to reveal the barriers to Cittaslow membership;
  • and to assess the appropriateness or unsuitability for candidateship of Tatvan.

 

For collection of information on Seferihisar and Tatvan, their mayors/governors were contacted via an e-mail/phone/mail survey and asked to answer 26 questions under six main subject headings. The results are available in Table 4 for indexing.

 

Table 4: Index Calculation for for Seferihisar and Tatvan in terms of Cittaslow Requirements

Major Subject

Seferihisar

Tatvan

I-Environmental Policies

0.75

0.13

II-Safeguarding Autochthonous Production

1.00

1.00

III-Infrastructural Policies

0.80

0.80

IV-Technologies and Facilities for Urban Quality

1.00

0.33

V-Hospitality

1.00

0.67

VI-Awareness

0.67

0.67

Equal Weights

0.87

0.60

 

An index score of ‘one’ represents full compatibility with Cittaslow requirements, while a score of ‘zero’ represents no compatibility. Considering these scores in the comparative descriptive analysis, the results of the index constructed by using equal weights for each question.

 

3.2. Results of the Research

In this descriptive analysis, it is ascertained that rankings for both cities are as expected and are compatible with the assertion of the paper.

 

Equal weight (87 percent) for Seferihisar show the expected ranking. As this city is already Cittaslow it has the highest score. However, it can be seen that this city could not get the full score (100 percent), which means that a candidate city does not, in fact, have to meet the full requirements at the time of membership acceptance, but endeavours to complete them in time.

 

Ranking for Tatvan is also as expected. The score for Tatvan is 60 percent and this shows that it is a potential Cittaslow candidate. However, Tatvan can not offer itself as a Cittaslow candidate as it fails to meet the population criterion of the Cittaslow Initiative which is restricted up to 50,000 residents.

 

Clearly the population criterion hinders the execution of STD on a wider scale. If there were no such impediment the cities like Tatvan could then be required to implement the Cittaslow philosophy and, in the medium to long term, neighbouring cities would also be encouraged to become Cittaslow candidates. It would then be possible to obtain a collective STD on a global scale.

 

 

CONCLUSION

As expressed by the administrators of Cittaslow cities, Cittaslow philosophy offers an extremely beneficial model for a city willing: to be harmonic with itself and surrounding area; to be integrated with its traditional values; to be respectful to nature and historical background; to have a strong infrustructure; to have high level institutional connections and collaborations; to have competitive power and environmental sustainability; and to have a unique city structure beside its modernity.

 

Through extensive data collected and comparative descriptive analysis established in this paper, Tatvan is considered to have potential Cittaslow candidateship, however, population criterion hinders it from being Cittaslow. As, by ignoring this criterion, other factors: an established historic background, natural resources, socio-cultural features, and touristic capacity are available for Tatvan, it could be accepted as a candidate. Therefore, above mentioned requirements could be considered sufficient at the first stage, following which it could be expected to complete the determined requirements by the Cittaslow Initiative. Thus, it would be easier to increase the number of Cittaslows and execute STD systematically and rapidly.

 

 

* Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Behzat Ekinci

Economics, FEAS, Mardin Artuklu University.

mbekinci(at)akademiktisat.net

http://www.akademiktisat.net

** “Cittaslow Philosophy and Sustainability of Tourism in Tatvan”, Ist International Bitlis Symposium, Proceedings, 95-107, Bitlis, Turkey, 26-28 June 2014.

*** Prepared based on “Ekinci, Mehmet Behzat (2014), The Cittaslow Philosophy in the Context of Sustainable Tourism Development; The Case of Turkey, Tourism Management, 41:178-189 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.013).

 

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ADNKS (Address Based Population Registration System of Turkey), “Seferihisar, Tatvan”, http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/adnksdagitapp/adnks.zul, 06.06.2014.

 

Cittaslow Association, “Association, Scientific Committee, Network”, http://www.cittaslow.org, 03.06.2014-a.

 

Cittaslow Association, “Charter”, http://www.cittaslow.org/section/association/charter, 03.06.2014-b.

 

District Governorship of Seferihisar, “Seferihisar”, http://www.seferihisar.gov.tr, 06.01.2013.

 

District Governorship of Tatvan, “Tatvan”, http://www.tatvan.gov.tr, 08.01.2013.

 

Ecogastronomy Initiative, “Ecogastronomy”, http://ecogastronomy.org, 03.06.2014.

 

Ekinci, Mehmet Behzat (2014). The Cittaslow Philosophy in the Context of Sustainable Tourism Development; The Case of Turkey. Tourism Management, Elsevier, 41, 178-189 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.013).

 

Municipality of Seferihisar, “Seferihisar”, http://www.seferihisar.bel.tr, 06.01.2013.

 

Municipality of Tatvan, “Tatvan”, http://www.tatvan.bel.tr, 08.01.2013.

 

Slow Food Organization, “About Us; Our Network”, http://slowfood.com, 03.06.2014.

 

Şahinkaya, Serdar, “Bir Yerel Kalkınma Modeli: Cittaslow ve Seferihisar Üzerine Değerlendirmeler”, http://www.seferihisar.bel.tr, 06.01.2013.

 

 

Head